against making a habit of swearing vows (B. Nedarim 20a), and some, like the Amora Samuel, were of the opinion that making a vow, even if one fulfills it, is a sin (B. Nedarim 22a). Furthermore, certain vows were considered automatically void: “The Sages have invalidated four types of vows: incentive vows, exaggeration vows, erroneous vows and vows made under pressure” (M. Nedarim 3.1).16 Rabbinic Judaism also evolved a specific method for annulling legitimate vows, requiring that they be declared